This is why I hit on @apple. From the article:
This situation has some prominent Mac users up in arms. Forum posts have been popping up at various locations since Mojave’s release and last month, a petition that currently has over 2,800 signatures landed on Change.Org urging Apple and Tim Cook to work with NVIDIA.
— Read on www.forbes.com/sites/marcochiappetta/2018/12/11/apple-turns-its-back-on-customers-and-nvidia-with-macos-mojave/
#BlackFriday is always a test for any hosting provider with #eCommerce #websites. Glad we invested in #memory and #cpu!
Also on:
The title of this article could have been, “How to shrink a mdadm Linux RAID containing LVM Logical Volumes and replace physical disks with lower-capacity alternatives – AND keep your data safe!”.
That’s just clunky, of course, but I hope you get the point.
I recently ran into the situation where I needed to reduce the size of my physical volumes on a server to allow an easier backup strategy. The data is stored across four drives, making up two separate RAID1 arrays, which are then utilised by Logical Volume Manager in Linux.
If all of this sounds overly complex, well … it perhaps is a litle. I could just store my data on two RAID1 arrays with Ext4 file systems, and not worry about LVM. However, I have long been a convert of the superior disk space management of LVM, so sitting that atop of a mdadm RAID just adds a few more steps to the process, but a lot more flexibility.
Without further ado, let’s get started!
Using RAID for storage is one thing, but it is no substitute for a proper backup. The golden rule is:
RAID provides availability; backups provide recovery.
If everyting goes south in this process, having a current backup will save the day. (I won’t divulge how many times LTO backups have saved my posterior…). In short, I fully trust LTO backups, and a tape backup strategy generally (here’s why).
The disk sizes of my two RAID arrays are 2x400GB and 2x2TB. However, the storage used on each is only 100GiB and 500GiB, respectively. Sitting on a shelf, I have:
On this server, I don’t envisage my data growth exceeding about 20GB & 40GB per year, respective to the arrays, so I can safely downgrade my storage capacity and make best use of this hardware for some years to come.
Connected to my server are two LTO tape drives: an old Ultrium 232 (100GB/200GB) drive, and a slightly younger Ultrium 1760 (800GB/1600GB) drive. The beauty of my set-up is that nearly everything is parallelised:
All of this is configured within a tiny HP Microserver (PDF), excluding one of the tape drives which is an external unit. And the beauty of this parallelisation is that I can run backups from each RAID array to each tape drive at full speed, without the CPU even breaking a sweat!
For each mounted volume, I simply used the GNU dump command to back everything up on each drive:
root@stargate:/mnt/company# dump -b 64 -0u -f /dev/st0 /mnt/company/ DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Thu Aug 16 15:57:06 2018 DUMP: Dumping /dev/mapper/md0--vg-lv--company (/mnt/company) to /dev/st0 DUMP: Label: company DUMP: Writing 64 Kilobyte records DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] DUMP: estimated 94061522 blocks. DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Thu Aug 16 15:57:19 2018 DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] DUMP: 6.27% done at 19662 kB/s, finished in 1:14 DUMP: 13.30% done at 20855 kB/s, finished in 1:05 [ ... ] DUMP: 91.52% done at 19117 kB/s, finished in 0:06 DUMP: 96.59% done at 18915 kB/s, finished in 0:02 DUMP: Closing /dev/st0 DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Thu Aug 16 17:21:06 2018 DUMP: Volume 1 94060544 blocks (91856.00MB) DUMP: Volume 1 took 1:23:47 DUMP: Volume 1 transfer rate: 18711 kB/s DUMP: 94060544 blocks (91856.00MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in 4974 seconds, throughput 18910 kBytes/sec DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Thu Aug 16 15:57:06 2018 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Thu Aug 16 17:21:06 2018 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 18711 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
root@stargate:~# dump -b 512 -0u -f /dev/st1 /mnt/archive/ DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Thu Aug 16 15:59:53 2018 DUMP: Dumping /dev/mapper/md1--vg-lv--archive (/mnt/archive) to /dev/st1 [ ... ] DUMP: 3.48% done at 59490 kB/s, finished in 2:18 DUMP: 7.98% done at 68256 kB/s, finished in 1:55 [ ... ] DUMP: 512711168 blocks (500694.50MB) on 1 volume(s) DUMP: finished in 6143 seconds, throughput 83462 kBytes/sec DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Thu Aug 16 15:59:53 2018 DUMP: Date this dump completed: Thu Aug 16 17:44:01 2018 DUMP: Average transfer rate: 82455 kB/s DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
The keen reader may notice that I change the block size of dump for each drive. I have found doing so reduced the disk I/O operations for each backup, which improved throughput. I had trouble using a block size of 1024KiB though, so 512KiB sufficed on the faster drive.
While 20MiB/s and 80MiB/s may be laughed at these days (and yes, it doesn’t compare with modern USB3.1 RAIDs, for example), this speed does at least allow backups to be completed within a reasonable time. And the reason I am an LTO stalwart is that media is cheaper (per GiB), and more resilient when kept in cold storage.
I should mention at this point, for anyone interested in using GNU dump/restore to manage their backups, that the software isn’t limited to addressing locally-connected tape drives. You can also backup to a local file, a file shared on a NAS server, or a remote tape drive too. The GNU dump/restore documentation if well worth investigating.
With backups available, you could ask why I didn’t just whip out the old drives and install the new ones, create new arrays and then restore data from backup. My reason for not doing so is twofold:
The next step is to resize the logical volumes that sit on those RAID arrays. In LVM you have to work outwards, starting from the innermost point: the logical volume. Then we’ll look at the volume group, and finally the physcal volume.
Resize the logical volumes:
root@stargate:~# lvresize -L 200G -r /dev/md0-vg/lv-company fsck from util-linux 2.25.2 company: 619459/24412160 files (0.2% non-contiguous), 24895191/97644544 blocks resize2fs 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/md0--vg-lv--company to 52428800 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/mapper/md0--vg-lv--company is now 52428800 (4k) blocks long. Size of logical volume md0-vg/lv-company changed from 372.48 GiB (95356 extents) to 200.00 GiB (51200 extents). Logical volume lv-company successfully resized
root@stargate:~# lvresize -L 800G -r /dev/md1-vg/lv-archive fsck from util-linux 2.25.2 archive: 2097049/108986368 files (0.1% non-contiguous), 134664369/435915776 blocks resize2fs 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/md1--vg-lv--archive to 209715200 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/mapper/md1--vg-lv--archive is now 209715200 (4k) blocks long. Size of logical volume md1-vg/lv-archive changed from 1.62 TiB (425699 extents) to 800.00 GiB (204800 extents). Logical volume lv-archive successfully resized
Now that we’ve resized the logical volumes, let’s check the size of the volume groups:
root@stargate:~# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree md0-vg 1 1 0 wz--n- 372.48g 172.48g md1-vg 1 1 0 wz--n- 1.82t 1.04t
This looks good, and broadly corresponds to what we’ve done so far:
So far, so good.
Next, we want to reduce the size of those Volume Groups to fit within the new mdadm RAID sizes. In LVM, sometimes multi-level operations are combined. One example of this is resizing a Volume Group. As there isn’t a vgresize command in lvm, we have to look at the next level out – the physical volume. For this, we use pvresize.
root@stargate:~# pvresize -v --setphysicalvolumesize 210G /dev/md0 DEGRADED MODE. Incomplete RAID LVs will be processed. Using physical volume(s) on command line Archiving volume group "md0-vg" metadata (seqno 5). /dev/md0: Pretending size is 440401920 not 781156528 sectors. Resizing volume "/dev/md0" to 781156528 sectors. Resizing physical volume /dev/md0 from 0 to 53759 extents. Updating physical volume "/dev/md0" Creating volume group backup "/etc/lvm/backup/md0-vg" (seqno 6). Physical volume "/dev/md0" changed 1 physical volume(s) resized / 0 physical volume(s) not resized
root@stargate:~# pvresize -v --setphysicalvolumesize 810G /dev/md1 DEGRADED MODE. Incomplete RAID LVs will be processed. Using physical volume(s) on command line Archiving volume group "md1-vg" metadata (seqno 14). /dev/md1: Pretending size is 1698693120 not 3906762895 sectors. Resizing volume "/dev/md1" to 3906762895 sectors. Resizing physical volume /dev/md1 from 0 to 207359 extents. Updating physical volume "/dev/md1" Creating volume group backup "/etc/lvm/backup/md1-vg" (seqno 15). Physical volume "/dev/md1" changed 1 physical volume(s) resized / 0 physical volume(s) not resized
Again, the astute reader will see that my resized capacities are slightly higher (by 10GiB) than the LVs contained within. I do this (mainly out of habit) to allow a little “wiggle room” for data, i.e. to allow safe boundaries between filesystem, LV, VG and PV. Subsequently resizing every compoment to its fullest capacity is easily done.
Before we go ahead with a drive removal and replacement, we should test that the PVs (Physical Volumes) in LVM are storing data at the beginning of the allocatable region – i.e. at the beginning of the “disk”. This is accomplished quite easily:
root@stargate:~# pvdisplay --maps --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/md1 VG Name md1-vg PV Size 810.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB Allocatable yes PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 207359 Free PE 2559 Allocated PE 204800 PV UUID luUdnY-3416-wh3O-8fpC-JK6B-0oM7-fbYvo4 --- Physical Segments --- Physical extent 0 to 204799: Logical volume /dev/md1-vg/lv-archive Logical extents 0 to 204799 Physical extent 204800 to 207358: FREE --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/md0 VG Name md0-vg PV Size 210.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB Allocatable yes PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 53759 Free PE 2559 Allocated PE 51200 PV UUID Xzj831-tu43-G6cA-05LB-cccU-Tcae-dy2LqP --- Physical Segments --- Physical extent 0 to 51199: Logical volume /dev/md0-vg/lv-company Logical extents 0 to 51199 Physical extent 51200 to 53758: FREE
This looks good: In LVM, each PV is allocating all of its Volume Group data at the beginning of the space.
But what about mdadm? How do we know that mdadm is storing its data at the beginning of the disks?
As it turns out, this doesn’t matter. The main thing is that need to shrink mdadm’s RAID to be the right size for the physical disks that the RAID inhabits. This is where things could get a little funky, as mdadm has no idea where LVM data is stored. Hence, the reason for a backup.
To quickly re-cap, we have:
According to the mdadm manual (my underlines):
For create, build, or grow:
-z, –size=
Amount (in Kibibytes) of space to use from each drive in RAID levels 1/4/5/6. This must be a multiple of the chunk size, and must leave about 128Kb of space at the end of the drive for the RAID superblock. If this is not specified (as it normally is not) the smallest drive (or partition) sets the size, though if there is a variance among the drives of greater than 1%, a warning is issued.
A suffix of ‘M’ or ‘G’ can be given to indicate Megabytes or Gigabytes respectively.
Sometimes a replacement drive can be a little smaller than the original drives though this should be minimised by IDEMA standards. Such a replacement drive will be rejected by md. To guard against this it can be useful to set the initial size slightly smaller than the smaller device with the aim that it will still be larger than any replacement.
This value can be set with —grow for RAID level 1/4/5/6 though CONTAINER based arrays such as those with IMSM metadata may not be able to support this. If the array was created with a size smaller than the currently active drives, the extra space can be accessed using —grow. The size can be given as max which means to choose the largest size that fits on all current drives.
Before reducing the size of the array (with —grow –size=) you should make sure that space isn’t needed. If the device holds a filesystem, you would need to resize the filesystem to use less space.
After reducing the array size you should check that the data stored in the device is still available. If the device holds a filesystem, then an ‘fsck’ of the filesystem is a minimum requirement. If there are problems the array can be made bigger again with no loss with another
—grow –size= command.
Before we start the mdadm resize operation, we’ll do a little filesystem check to ensure our data is ok:
root@stargate:~# fsck.ext4 -f /dev/md0-vg/lv-company e2fsck 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information company: 619459/13107200 files (0.3% non-contiguous), 24184088/52428800 blocks root@stargate:~# fsck.ext4 -f /dev/md1-vg/lv-archive e2fsck 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information archive: 2097049/52428800 files (0.1% non-contiguous), 131114698/209715200 blocks
All good. To ensure no data gets written to our VGs while the mdadm “grow” (shrink) process proceeds, we should now disable the VGs:
root@stargate:~# vgchange -an md0-vg 0 logical volume(s) in volume group "md0-vg" now active root@stargate:~# vgchange -an md1-vg 0 logical volume(s) in volume group "md1-vg" now active
As an interesting exercise in maximising data protection, I also decided to “fail” one drive on each array before attempting the resize. This means that should the resize not work, and fsck reports file system errors, I can recover the RAID and re-think my options.
For md0 the drives are /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdc1. Let’s go ahead and “fail” one:
root@stargate:~# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdb1 mdadm: set /dev/sdb1 faulty in /dev/md0
Nothing more to do now but “byte the bullet” (sorry about that). Let’s try the resize:
root@stargate:~# mdadm --grow /dev/md0 --size=220G mdadm: component size of /dev/md0 has been set to 230686720K unfreeze
Now let’s now check that filesystem:
root@stargate:~# vgchange -ay md0-vg 1 logical volume(s) in volume group "md0-vg" now active root@stargate:~# fsck.ext4 -f /dev/md0-vg/lv-company e2fsck 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information company: 619459/13107200 files (0.3% non-contiguous), 24184088/52428800 blocks
This looks encouraging. Let’s try this process on the second array:
root@stargate:~# mdadm /dev/md1 -f /dev/sdd1 mdadm: set /dev/sdd1 faulty in /dev/md1 root@stargate:~# mdadm --grow /dev/md1 --size=820G mdadm: component size of /dev/md1 has been set to 859832320K unfreeze root@stargate:~# vgchange -ay md1-vg 1 logical volume(s) in volume group "md1-vg" now active root@stargate:~# fsck.ext4 -f /dev/md1-vg/lv-archive e2fsck 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information archive: 2097049/52428800 files (0.1% non-contiguous), 131114698/209715200 blocks
Fantastic! fsck reports identical figures after our mdadm resizing.
The next step is to remove the physical drives and replace them with smaller versions.
Before physically removing two drives from the server, we need to tell mdadm that the drives are to be removed:
root@stargate:~# mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/sdb1 mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb1 from /dev/md0 root@stargate:~# mdadm /dev/md1 -r /dev/sdd1 mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdd1 from /dev/md1
Now we shutdown the server and physically remove the drives (my server doesn’t support actual, physical hot-swapping of drives). Be careful how you handle hot-swapping on your machine if it purpotedly does support this – do read the system documentation.
And this is where my first problem occurred. On reboot, the mdadm arrays didn’t assemble and start. I think this may have been due to a rogue entry in /etc/fstab which dumped me into the maintenance terminal at start-up. Luckily, all this was easily resolved, and issuing this:
root@stargate:~# mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sdc1 mdadm: /dev/md0 has been started with 1 drive (out of 2).
brought the mdadm RAID back to life.
Now that the drives are replaced, and the RAID is running, we quickly need to partition the new drives, which will then be ready for syncing into the RAID arrays. I used fdisk to create a GPT partitioning scheme, created a partition, then set the partition type to Linux RAID.
Now that’s done, I could add the new partition to the array and let the syncing commence, and check its progress with cat:
root@stargate:~# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdb1 mdadm: added /dev/sdb1 root@stargate:~# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdb1[2] sdc1[3] 230686720 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [_U] [>....................] recovery = 0.0% (32512/230686720) finish=236.3min speed=16256K/sec bitmap: 1/2 pages [4KB], 65536KB chunk
That’s promising, so here goes for the second array:
root@stargate:~# mdadm -A /dev/md1 /dev/sde1 mdadm: /dev/md1 has been started with 1 drive (out of 2). root@stargate:~# mdadm /dev/md1 -a /dev/sdd1 mdadm: added /dev/sdd1 root@stargate:~# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md1 : active raid1 sdd1[3] sde1[2] 859832320 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [_U] [>....................] recovery = 0.0% (344384/859832320) finish=124.7min speed=114794K/sec bitmap: 2/7 pages [8KB], 65536KB chunk [ snip ]
Great stuff! Now the long wait, until the first round of syncing has completed.
Time to take the dog for a walk and enjoy a cup of tea aftwards (or, in reality, work on other stuff).
After the syncing completed, I could add the second set of replacement disks to the array.
It’s the same process as before:
root@stargate:~# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdc1 mdadm: added /dev/sdc1 root@stargate:~# mdadm /dev/md1 -a /dev/sde1 mdadm: added /dev/sde1 root@stargate:~# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md1 : active raid1 sde1[2] sdd1[3] 859832320 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_] [>....................] recovery = 0.0% (424832/859832320) finish=168.5min speed=84966K/sec bitmap: 0/7 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk md0 : active raid1 sdc1[3] sdb1[2] 230686720 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_] [>....................] recovery = 0.7% (1683968/230686720) finish=38.5min speed=99056K/sec bitmap: 0/2 pages [0KB], 65536KB chunk unused devices: <none>
Now that the sync is complete, it’s time to check the volumes’ filesystems one more time:
root@stargate:~# fsck.ext4 -f /dev/md0-vg/lv-company e2fsck 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information company: 619459/13107200 files (0.3% non-contiguous), 24184088/52428800 blocks root@stargate:~# fsck.ext4 -f /dev/md1-vg/lv-archive e2fsck 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information archive: 2097049/52428800 files (0.1% non-contiguous), 131114698/209715200 blocks
Great – those figures still look consistent with our previous checks. With that done, we can maximise the available storage. This is what we have:
root@stargate:~# lvs LV VG Attr LSize lv-company md0-vg -wi-a----- 200.00g lv-archive md1-vg -wi-a----- 800.00g
Now let’s get to work. First, increase the size of the mdadm RAIDs:
root@stargate:~# mdadm --grow /dev/md0 --size=max mdadm: component size of /dev/md0 has been set to 244066471K unfreeze root@stargate:~# mdadm --grow /dev/md1 --size=max mdadm: component size of /dev/md1 has been set to 976630471K unfreeze
Now let’s grow the Physical Volumes (PVs) of lvm:
root@stargate:~# pvresize /dev/md0 Physical volume "/dev/md0" changed 1 physical volume(s) resized / 0 physical volume(s) not resized root@stargate:~# pvresize /dev/md1 Physical volume "/dev/md1" changed 1 physical volume(s) resized / 0 physical volume(s) not resized
And finally, let’s grow those Logical Volumes, with a filesystem resize of course 😉 :
root@stargate:~# lvresize -l +100%FREE -r md0-vg/lv-company fsck from util-linux 2.25.2 company: clean, 619459/13107200 files, 24184088/52428800 blocks Size of logical volume md0-vg/lv-company changed from 200.00 GiB (51200 extents) to 232.76 GiB (59586 extents). Logical volume lv-company successfully resized resize2fs 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/md0--vg-lv--company to 61016064 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/mapper/md0--vg-lv--company is now 61016064 (4k) blocks long. root@stargate:~# lvresize -l +100%FREE -r md1-vg/lv-archive fsck from util-linux 2.25.2 archive: clean, 2097049/52428800 files, 131114698/209715200 blocks Size of logical volume md1-vg/lv-archive changed from 800.00 GiB (204800 extents) to 931.38 GiB (238434 extents). Logical volume lv-archive successfully resized resize2fs 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/md1--vg-lv--archive to 244156416 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/mapper/md1--vg-lv--archive is now 244156416 (4k) blocks long.
Finally, time to mount the file systems:
root@stargate:~# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/md0--vg-lv--company 229G 89G 130G 41% /mnt/company /dev/mapper/md1--vg-lv--archive 917G 488G 388G 56% /mnt/archive
The main worry is loss of data, so this short section is dedicated to restoring backups from tape. If you have run into trouble and need to restore from backup, restore is the command you need! Bear in mind that when using it, if you (like me, above) used a non-standard block size when dumping, you need to specify that again when restoring.
The -i option in this example would invoke an interactive session in restore, allowing you to select which directories and files to restore. Instead, by omitting that option, you would just restore the entire backup.
root@stargate:~# restore -i -b 64 -f /dev/st0The GNU/Linux operating system provides some amazing storage management tools. LVM is a real joy to use; it makes hard stuff very simple to achieve. Sure, there’s a learning curve, but it’s one I’m forever glad I embraced.
I would genuinely be interested what equivalents to this power and flexibility exist in the Windows world. Not saying for a moment that none do; I’m sure they do. But the use-case for shrinking storage might be questionned, and rightly so. It’s uncommon, to say the least.
But this is where free, open source software shines – in “scratching that itch” that isn’t commonplace, or easy to achieve. And for my efforts, at least, I have gained 2 x 400GB drives, and 2 x 2TB drives, for my next project…
If you have had similar fun on your set up, or run into pitfalls with this type of approach, do leave a comment.
What kind of storage challenges have you experienced, that were (or weren’t) solved in Linux? Leave a link to your story, or a comment, below!
Lunchtime at Apple Park just got a whole lot more exciting ? pic.twitter.com/GJFcOsIB4C
— Tim Cook (@tim_cook) August 16, 2018
But … judging by the slow speed, I’d say they have a cooling problem on those motors… /s ? #thermalgate
Also on:
I spent an absurd amount of time over the 4-day Easter weekend bumbling my way through the process of permanently deleting my Facebook account while saving as much of it as I could for posterity. This second part was important to me, and it’s really not as straightforward as it could be – as far as […]
via #DeleteFacebook: How to permanently delete your Facebook account (while saving as much of it as you can for posterity) — Elizabeth Ü
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Re-listening to @OfficialDnBA #drumnbass #podcast from 2011-13 – such evolution in those years.
Not to mention enjoying inimitable voice of @TheRisky – great work.
Also loving @HospitalRecords & @DifferentDrumz #podcasts of the same era.
Definitely where my heart is.
https://www.hospitalrecords.com
AMD trolls Intel by offering its 16-core Threadripper 1950X to winners of the six-core Core i7-8086K.
Source: AMD Trolls Intel: Offers 16-Core Chip to Winners of Six-Core 8086K
